Adolescent evaluation of gender role and sexual imagery in television advertisements.

Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159-174.

LaTour, M. S. (1990). Female nudity in print advertising: An analysis of gender differences in arousal and ad response. Psychology & Marketing 7(1), 65-81

Leigh, T. W., Rethans, A. J., & Whitney, T. R. (1987). Role portrayals of women in advertising: Cognitive responses and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Advertising Research, 27, 54-63.

Lingle, J. H., & Ostrom, T. M. (1979). Retrieval selectivity in memory-based impression judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 180-194.

Livingstone, S., & Green, G. (1986). Television advertisements and the portrayal of gender. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25, 149-154.

Lysonski, S., & Pollay, R. W. (1990). Advertising sexism is forgiven, but not forgotten: Historical, cross-cultural and individual differences in criticism and purchase boycott intentions. International Journal of Advertising, 9, 317-329.

Madden, P. A., & Grube, J. W. (1994). The frequency and nature of alcohol and tobacco advertising in televised sports, 1990 through 1992. American Journal of Public Health, 84, 297-299.

Meyers-Levy, J. (1989). Gender differences in information processing: A selectivity interpretation. In P. Cafferata & A. Tybout (Eds.), Cognitive and affective responses to advertising (pp. 219-260). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Meyers-Levy, J., & Maheswaran, D. (1991). Exploring differences in males' and females' processing strategies. Journal of Consumer Research, 18, 63-70.

Meyers-Levy, J., & Sternthal, B. (1991). Gender differences in the use of message cues and judgments. Journal of Marketing Research, 28, 84-96.

Parsons, J. E. (1982). Sexual socialization and gender roles in childhood. In E. R. Allgeier, & N. 8. McCormick. (Eds.), Changing boundaries: Gender roles and sexual behavior. Palo Alto, CA: Mayfield Publishing Co.

Pearson, J. L. (1992, July). Cultural norms in mass communications: Influencing self-perceptions and self-satisfaction. Unpublished master's thesis, Colorado State University, Fort Collins.

Perloff, R. M.. (1993). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Postman, N., Nystrom, C., Strate, L., & Weingartner, C. (1988). Myths, men & beer: An analysis of beer commercials on broadcast television, 1987. Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.

Regt, W. de. (1982). Meisjes en jongens en hun sexualiteit [Boys and girls and their sexuality]. Deventer: Van Loghum Siaterus.

Reichert, T., Lambiase, J., Morgan, S., Carstarphen, M., & Zavoina, S. (1999). Cheesecake and beefcake: No matter how you slice it, sexual explicitness in advertising continues to increase. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 76(1), 7-20.

Rethans, A. J., Swasy, J. L., & Marks, L. J. (1986). The effects of television commercial repetition, receiver knowledge, and commercial length: A test of the two factor model. Journal of Marketing Research, 22(1), 50-61.

Richmond, D., & Hartman, T. P. (1982). Sex appeal in advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 22(5), 53-61.

Rouner, D. (1990). Rock music use as a socializing function. Popular Music and Society, 14(1), 97-107.

Rouner, D., & Lindsey, R. (2001, August). When no news is not good news, ignorance is not bliss, and your mama may not have told you: Female adolescent information holding and seeking about sexually transmitted diseases. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Washington, DC.

Schmitt, B. H., Leclerc, F., & Dube-Rioux, L. (1988). Sex typing and consumer behavior: A test of gender schema theory. Journal of Consumer Research, 15, 122-128.

Schwarz, N., Wagner, D., Bannert, M., & Mathes, L. (1987). Cognitive accessibility of sex role concepts and attitudes toward political portrayals: The impact of sexist ads. Sex Roles, 17(9/10), 593-601.

Slater, M. D., & Rouner, D. (2002). Entertainment-education and elaboration likelihood: Understanding the processing of narrative persuasion. Communication Theory, 12(2), 173-191.

Slater, M. D., Rouner, D., Karan, D. N., Domenech-Rodrfguez, M., Beauvais, F., Murphy, K., & Van Leuven, J. (1997). Adolescent responses to TV beer ads and sports content/context: Gender and ethnic differences. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 74(1), 108-122.

Slater, M. D., Rouner, D., Murphy, K., Beauvais, F., Van Leuven, J., & Domenech-Rodriquez, M. (1996). Male adolescents' reactions to TV beer advertisements: The effects of sports content and programming context. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 425-433.

Slater, M. D., Rouner, D., Beauvais, F., Murphy, K., Domenech-Rodriguez, M., & Van Leuven, J. (1996). Adolescent perceptions of underage drinkers in TV beer ads. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 42, 43-56.

Steadman, M. (1969). How sexy illustrations affect brand recall. Journal of Advertising Research, 9, 15-19.

Sullivan, G., & O'Connor, O. (1988). Women's role portrayals in magazine advertising: 1958-1983. Sex Roles, 18, 181-188.

Tinkham, S. F., & Reid, L. N. (1988). Sex appeal in advertising revisited: Validation of a typology. In Leckenby, J. D. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 1988 conference of the American Academy of Advertising, Austin, TX.

Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1973). Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability. Cognitive Psychology, 5, 207-232.

Walsh-Childers, K., & Brown, J. (1993). Adolescents' acceptance of sex-role stereotypes and television viewing. In B. S. Greenberg, J. D. Brown, & N. L. Buerkel-Rothfuss. (Eds.), Media, sex and the adolescent (pp. 117-133). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Ward, A. (1995). Talking about sex: Common themes about sexuality in prime time TV programs children and adolescents view most. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 595-615.

Warwick, Walsh, & Miller, Inc. (1981). Study of consumer attitudes toward T.V. programming and advertising. New York: Warwick, Walsh, & Miller.

Donna Rouner (Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Madison) is a Professor of Journalism and Technical Communication at Colorado State University. Her research interests include media effects, media socialization, and social groups.

Michael D. Slater (Ph.D., Stanford University) is a Professor of Journalism and Technical Communication at Colorado State University (joint appointment in the Department of Psychology). His research interests include health communication, persuasion processes, and media effects.

Melanie Domenech-Rodriguez (Ph.D., Colorado State University) is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Utah State University. Her research interests include Latino mental health, parenting interventions, and child and adolescent development.

Partial support for this project came from a grant to Michael D. Slater (AA-08756 from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism).

Print Get the Mag Weekly Updates