could be more effective.
* This table identifies the evaluative process criteria that were used
to evaluate the planning process. Statements used to test each criterion
were grouped to aid in the presentation and interpretation of the
results. Responses were given on a four-point scale, which was converted
to a numerical scale as follows: strongly agree (2), agree (1), disagree
(-1), strongly disagree (-2). Scores for each criterion were calculated
by averaging the numerical scores for each of the statements used to
test the criterion. If the average score is greater than or equal to
0.50, the criterion is considered to have been satisfied, if it is less
than or equal to -0.50 is not satisfied, and if is between 0.50 and
-0.50 the criterion is considered to have been only partially satisfied.
** % of respondents agreeing
*** This is the percentage of all regional land use plans that were
reached by consensus for near consensus agreement (14 out of 19).
References
Burby, Raymond. 2003. Making Plans that Matter: Citizen Involvement
and Government Action. Journal of the American Planning Association
69(3): 33-49.
Cantwell, Mark, and J.C. Day. 1998. Citizen-Initiated River Basin
Planning: The Salmon River Watershed Example. Environments 25 (2 &
3): 80-90.
Cardinall, Dan, and J.C. Day. 1998. Embracing Value and Uncertainty
in Environmental Management and Planning: A Heuristic Model.
Environments 25 (2 & 3): 110-125.
Cormick, Gerald, Norman Dale, Paul Emond, S. Glenn Sigurdson, and
Barry Stuart. 1996. Building Consensus for a Sustainable Future: Putting
Principles into Practice. Ottawa: National Roundtable on the Environment
and Economy.
Day, J.C., Thomas I. Gunton, and Tanis M. Frame. 2003. Towards
Rural Sustainability in British Columbia: The Role of Biodiversity
Conservation and Other Factors. Environments 31(2): 21-38.
Duffy, Dorli M., Mark Roseland, and Thomas I. Gunton. 1996. A
Preliminary Assessment of Shared Decision-Making in Land Use and Natural
Resource Planning. Environments 23(2): 1-16.
Duffy, Dorli, Lisa Hallgren, Zane Parker, Robert Penrose, and Mark
Roseland. 1998. Improving the Shared Decision-Making Model: An
Evaluation of Public Participation in Land and Resource Management
Planning (LRMP) in British Columbia. Vancouver: Mimeographed.
Flynn, Sarah, and Thomas I. Gunton. 1996. Resolving Natural
Resource Conflicts Through Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Case Study
of the Timber Fish Wildlife Agreement in Washington State.
Environments--23(2): 101-111.
Frame, Tanis M., Thomas I. Gunton, and J.C. Day. 2003. Resolving
Environmental Disputes Through Shared Decision-Making: A Case Study of
Land Use Planning in British Columbia. Journal of Environmental Planning
and Management. (in press).
Gunton, Thomas I. 1991. Crown Land Planning in British Columbia:
Managing for Multiple Use, pp. 275-293 In Our Living Legacy: Proceedings
of a Symposium on Biological Diversity, ed. M.A. Fenger, E.H. Miller,
J.A. Johnson, and E.J.R. Williams. Victoria: Royal British Columbia
Museum.
--. 1992. Evaluating Land Use Tradeoffs: A Review of Selected
Techniques. Environments 21(3): 53-63.
--. 1998. Forest Land Use and Public Policy in British Columbia:
The Dynamics of Change. Environments 25 (2 and 3): 8-14.
Gunton, Thomas I., and D. Duffy, eds. 1992. Sustainable Management
of Public Land: The Canadian Experience. Environments 21(3).
Gunton, Thomas I., and C. Fletcher. 1992. An Overview: Sustainable
Development and Crown Land Planning. Environments 21(3): 1-4.
Gunton, Thomas I., and S. Flynn. 1992. Resolving Environmental
Conflicts: The Role of Mediation and Negotiation. Environments 21(3):
12-16.
Gunton, Thomas I., and J.C. Day. 2003. Theory and Practice of
Collaborative Planning in Resource Management. Environments 31(2): 5-19.
Gunton, Thomas I., J.C. Day, and Peter W. Williams. 2003.
Collaborative Planning and Sustainable Resource Management: The North
American Experience. Environments 31(2): 1-4.
Gunton, T.I. and I. Vertinsky. 1990a. Reforming the Decision Making
Process for Forest Land Planning in British Columbia. Final Report for
the B.C. Forest Resource Commission, Victoria, B.C.
Gunton, T.I. and I. Vertinsky. 1990b. Methods of Analysis for
Forest Land Allocation in British Columbia. Final Report for the B.C.
Forest Resource Commission, Victoria, B.C.
Innes, Judith E., and David E. Booher. 1999. A Framework for
Evaluating Collaborative Planning. Journal of the American Planning
Association 65(4): 412-423.
Leach, W.D., N. Pelkey, and Paul Sabatier. 2002. Stakeholder
Partnerships as Collaborative Policymaking: Evaluation Criteria Applied
to Watershed Management in California and Washington. Journal of Policy
Analysis and Management 21(4): 645-670.
Litke, Steve, and J.C. Day. 1998. Building Local Capacity for
Stewardship and Sustainability: The Role of Community-Based Watershed
Assessment in Chilliwack, British Columbia. Environments 25 (2 & 3):
91-109.
Margerum, R.D. 1999. Getting Past Yes: From Capital Creation to
Action. American Planning Association Journal 56(2): 81-191.
M'Gonigle, M., Thomas I. Gunton, Chris Fletcher, Murdoch
McAllister, and Doug MacKnight. 1992. Comprehensive Wilderness
Protection in British Columbia: An Economic Impact Assessment. Forestry
Chronicle 68(3): 357-364.
M'Gonigle, M., Thomas I. Gunton, K. Brenneis, J. Campfens, J.
Fox, W. Clissold-Hoyle, T. Makinen, J. Nyboer, C. Rankin, E. Van Osch,
and M. Valenius. 1990. "Crown Land Use Planning: A Model For
Reform," pp. 35-46. Law Reform for Sustainable Development in
British Columbia, ed. Calvin Sandborn. Vancouver: Canadian Bar
Association.
Moore, Susan. 1996. Defining Successful Environmental Dispute
Resolution: Case Studies from Public Land Planning in the United States
and Australia. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 16: 151-169.
Moote, Margaret A., Mitchel P. McClaran, and Donna K. Chickering.
1997. Theory in Practice: Applying Participatory Democracy Theory to
Land Use Planning. Environmental Management 21(6): 877-889.
Tamblyn, Gregory C., and J.C. Day. 1999. Land and Resource
Management Planning: The Kamloops Experience. Environments 25(4): 16-38.
Todd, Susan. 2001. Measuring the Effectiveness of Environmental
Dispute Resolution Efforts. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 21:
97-110.
Williams, Peter W., J.C. Day, and Thomas I. Gunton. 1998. Land and
Water Planning in British Columbia in the 1990s: Lessons on More
Inclusive Approaches. Environments 25(2 and 3): 1-7.
Williams, Peter, W., Robert Penrose, and Suzanne Hawkes. 1998.
Tourism Industry Perspectives on the Cariboo-Chilcotin CORE Process:
Shared Decision Making?. Environments 25(2 and 3): 48-64.
Wilson, Anne, Mark Roseland, and J.C. Day. 1996. Shared Decision
Making and Public Land Planning: An Evaluation of the Vancouver Island
Regional CORE Process. Environments 23(2): 69-85.
Wondolleck, Julia M., and Steven L. Yaffee. 2000. Making
Collaboration Work: Lessons from Innovations in Natural Resource
Management. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Author Biographies
Thomas Gunton is an associate professor and former director of the
School of Resource and Environmental Management (REM) at Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, BC. He held numerous senior positions in government
including Deputy Minister of Environment and Deputy Minister of Cabinet
Policy for the government of British Columbia. His research is in
environmental mediation and dispute resolution and natural resource
planning. He can be reached through the School or by email at
tgunton@shaw.ca.
Chad Day is the founding director and adjunct professor of the
School of Resource and Environmental Management (REM) at Simon Fraser
University, Burnaby, BC. His research focuses on institutions for
integrated land and water management and environmental planning. He can
be reached through the School or by email at jday@sfu.ca.
Peter Williams is a professor in the School of Resource and
Environmental Management (REM) at Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC,
and Director of the University's Centre for Tourism Policy and
Research. His research relates to the use of land and resources for
sustainable tourism. He can be reached through the School or by email at
peterw@sfu.ca.
COPYRIGHT 2003 Wilfrid Laurier
University Reproduced with permission of the copyright holder. Further reproduction or distribution is prohibited without permission.
Copyright 2003, Gale Group. All rights
reserved. Gale Group is a Thomson Corporation Company.
NOTE: All illustrations and photos have been removed from this article.