Synergies or trade-offs in university life sciences research.

(0.00385) *** (0.004) *** PhDs (2) -0.7119 -0.7324659

(0.378) * (0.439) * Patent x article -0.2466 -0.262

(0.1859) (0.209) Patent x PhDs 3.8405 3.927

(1.551) ** (1.858) ** Article x PhDs 0.1973 0.203

(0.0727) *** (0.087) ** Staff wage 675.956 522.317

(547.786) (465.615) Faculty salary 1,016.739 965.133

(305.436) *** (307.506) *** Staff wage (2) 16.482 20.141

(12.1831) (10.296) ** Faculty salary (2) -6.6961 -5.894

(3.3393) ** (3.127) * Staff wage x faculty

salary -23.053 -24.513

(13.686) * (13.823) * No. of undergrads/no.

of faculty 25.996 35.785

(44.757) (25.771) LGU 12,296.82

(2,464.) *** Extension employees 3.632

(5.163) Med school 1,702.204

(1,768.846) Tech transfer office 1,706.26 1,578.708

(407.23) *** (354.823) *** Tech transfer office

in 80 -1,578.353

(1,988.541) Constant -26, 156.36 -30,524.15

(9,051.19) *** (8,760.527) *** Observations

(university) 1,563 (87) 1,563 (87) [R.sup.2] 0.6655 0.7758 Hausman test Ho: FE coef. = [chi square] (13) =

([dagger]) RE coef. 10.32 Breusch and Pagan [chi square] (1) =

test Ho: [v.sub.i] = 0 6,315.00 *** Heteroskedasticity

test Ho: Var([e.sub.i]) =

Var([e.sub.it]) t-test = -0.0437

Ho: Var([e.sub.t]) =

Var([e.sub.it]) t-test = -0.1538 Standard errors in parentheses. Note: *, **, and *** indicate significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. ([dagger]) Hausman test uses the fixed effect set of variables for comparison. Table 3. Life Science Cost Function: Citation-Adjusted Outputs

Fixed Effect Random Effect Patents 124.721 113.538

(80.012) (88.294) Articles 24.121 27.491

(2.708) *** (2.530) *** PhDs 40.709 65.599

(28.591) (28.827) ** Patent (2) -3.463 -3.255

(0.951) *** (1.631) ** Articles (2) -0.00663 -0.00682

(0.00156) *** (0.00194) *** PhDs (2) 0.0234 0.0098

(0.259) (0.314) Patent x article -0.103 -0.116

(0.090) (0.092) Patent x PhDs 2.346 2.372

(0.993) ** (1.341) ** Article x PhDs 0.0407 0.0315

(0.0440) (0.0531) Staff wage 502.133 406.553

(578.330) (494.727) Faculty salary 1,316.031 1,320.444

(321.422) *** (319.710) *** Staff wage (2) 14.821 19.184

(12.677) (10.727) * Faculty salary (2) -8.669 -8.024

(3.524) ** (3.452) ** Staff wage x faculty

salary -18.323 -22.812

(14.462) (14.464) No. of undergrads/no.

of faculty -8.379 42.678

(46.456) (26.992) LGU 17,368.31

(2,562.481) *** Extension employees 4.965

(5.232) Med school 3,757.154

(1,763.537) * Tech transfer office 2,295.592 2,148.945

(421.554) *** (368.781) *** Tech transfer office

in 80 -1,175.084

(2,000.473) Constant -27,099.64 -37,501.6

(9,604.66) *** (9,174.74) *** Observations

(university) 1,563 (87) 1,563 (87) [R.sup.2] 0.4762 0.7416 Hausman test Ho: FE coef. = [chi square] (13) =

([double dagger]) RE coef. 39.12 *** Breusch and Pagan Ho: [v.sub.i] = 0 [chi square] (1) =

test 5,658.74 *** Heteroskedasticity Ho: Var([e.sub.i]) =

test Var([e.sub.it]) t-test = -0.0657

Ho: Var([e.sub.t]) =

Var([e.sub.it]) t-test = -0.1984 Standard errors in parentheses. Note: *. **, and *** indicate significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. ([dagger]) Hausman test uses the fixed effect set of variables for comparison. Table 4. Scale and Scope Estimates Measured at Independent Variable Means

Fixed Random

Effects Effects Quantity

Scale 1.357 *** 1.240 ***

[Scope.sup.++] 0.021 -0.046 Citation Adjusted

Scale 2.110 *** 1.770 ***

Scope++ 0.489 *** 0.382 *** ([double dagger]) Scope defined as comparing patent production only and article/doctorate production to producing all three. *, **, and *** indicate significance at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. Table 5. Median Estimates of Scale and Scope by University Type (Random Effects Model)

Quantity Quality University Type Scale Scope Scale Scope Small nonland grant 1.074 0.036 1.494 0.434 Large nonland grant 1.056 0.069 1.420 0.178 Small land grant 1.806 0.401 2.787 0.807 Large land grant 1.612 0.297 2.330 0.542 Overall sample 1.385 0.198 1.860 0.482