The world of international compliance: what transactional lawyers need to know to perform ethically and responsibly.

(18.) News Release, Office of the United States Attorney, Southern District of California, supra note 6.

(19.) Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. [section] 78c(a)(8) (2000) (defining issuer as "any person who issues or proposes to issue any security ..."). (20.) 15 U.S.C. [section] 78m(b)(2)(a)-(b) (2000 & Supp. III 2003).

(21.) SEC v. Monsanto Co., Litigation Release No. 19,023, Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release No. 2159, 84 SEC Docket 2284, 2284-85 (Jan. 6, 2005).

(22.) See 15 U.S.C. [section] 78dd-1(b) (2000) (enumerating an exception to the bribery prohibition, a facilitation payment, that is not an exception to the accurate books and records requirement).

(23.) Id.

(24.) Complaint, supra note 3, at 1, 3, 21.

(25.) Giovanna M. Cinelli & Jeremy K. Huffman, Pay Me Now ... Or Pay Me More Later: The High Price For Inadequate Export Control Due Diligence During Mergers, Acquisitions or Divestitures, 1504 PRAC. L. INST./CORP. 579, 606 (2005).

(26.) Christopher F. Corr, The Wall Still Stands/Complying with Export Controls on Technology Transfers in the Post-Cold War, Post 9/11 Era, 25 HOUS. J. INT'L L. 441,460-62 (2003) (explaining the export control law enforcement responsibilities of the BIS and OFAC).

(27.) Id. at 460-61.

(28.) See BUREAU OF INDUS. AND SEC., U.S. DEP'T OF COMMERCE, ANNUAL REPORT, FISCAL YEAR 2005, at 10 (2005), available at http://www.bis.doc.gov/News/2006/annual Report/BIS_annualReportComplete05.pdf (totaling the criminal penalties at $14.5 million and the administrative penalties at $6.8 million for Fiscal Year 2005).

(29.) 15 C.F.R. [section] 730.3 (2006).

(30.) See 15 C.F.R. [section] 774.1 (2006).

(31.) 15 C.F.R. [section] 734.2(b)(1) (2006).

(32.) 15 C.F.R. [section] 734.3(a)(1)-(3) (2006).

(33.) See 15 C.F.R. [section] 734.2(b)(1); United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security, Introduction to Commerce Department Export Controls, What is an Export Control?, http://www.bis.doc.gov/licensing/exportingbasics.htm (last visited Feb. 3, 2007).

(34.) 15 C.F.R. [section] 736.2(a)(1)-(5) (2006).

(35.) 15 C.F.R. [subsection] 772, 734.2(a)-(b), 734.3.

(36.) Arms Export Control Act, 22 U.S.C. [section] 2780(d) (2000 & Supp. III 2003).

(37.) Export Administration Act, 50 U.S.C.A. app. [section] 2401 (West 1991 & Supp. 2006).

(38.) 15 C.F.R. [section] 744.1(c) (2006).

(39.) See generally Office of Foreign Assets Control, U.S. Dep't of the Treasury, Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons (Jan. 26, 2007), http://www.ustreas. gov/offices/enforcement/ofac/sdrdt11sdn.pdf.

(40.) See generally Bureau of Industry And Security, U.S. Dep't of Commerce, The Denied Persons List (Jan. 31, 2007), http://www.bis.doc.gov/dpl/thedeniallist.asp (reporting the unofficial list). Official designations to the Denied Persons List are reported periodically in the Federal Register. See, e.g., Action Affecting Export Privileges, Mohammed Arastafar; Order Relating to Mohammed Arastafar, 70 Fed. Reg. 37,748 (June 30, 2005).

(41.) Donald Alford Weadon, Jr. & Carol A. Kalinoski, U.S. Blunders on with China Military-Export Rule, ASIA TIMES ONLINE, Sept. 22, 2006, at http://www.atimes.com/ atimes/China_Business/HI22Cb01.html.

(42.) See generally Iranian Assets Control Regulations, 31 C.F.R. [section] 535.201-.222 (2006); Cuban Assets Control Regulations, 31 C.F.R. [section]515.201-.208 (2006) (U.S. trade sanctions against Cuba are broader in scope than most trade sanctions, and they also apply to entities that are owned or controlled by U.S. persons, such as the foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies).

(43.) 22 U.S.C. [section] 2780(b)(1) (2000).

(44.) 22 U.S.C. [section] 2780(k)(1)(3) (2000).

(45.) See International Emergency Economic Powers Act, 50 U.S.C. [subsection] 1701-1706 (2000 & Supp. III 2003).

(46.) Id. [section] 1702(a)-(b).

(47.) 22 U.S.C. [section] 1350 (2000).

(48.) See, e.g., Sanchez-Espinoza v. Reagan, 770 F.2d 202, 206-07 (D.C. Cir. 1985).

(49.) Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 393 F. Supp. 2d 20, 26 (D.D.C. 2005); see Dennis v. Sparks, 449 U.S. 24, 27 (1980).

(50.) Doe v. Unocal Corp., 110 F. Supp. 2d 1294, 1306 (C.D. Cal. 2000), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 395 F.3d 932 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Gallagher v. Neil Young Freedom Concert, 49 F.3d 1442, 1447 (10th Cir. 1995) and Collins v. Womancare, 878 F.2d 1145, 1154 (9th Cir. 1989)).

(51.) Exxon Mobil Corp., 393 F. Supp. 2d at 27.

(52.) Unocal Corp., 110 F. Supp. 2d at 1307 (citing King v. Massarweh, 782 F.2d 825, 829 (9th Cir. 1986) and Arnold v. IBM, 637 F.2d 1350, 1356 (9th Cir. 1981)).

(53.) Arnold, 637 F.2d at 1356.

(54.) King, 782 F.2d at 829.

(55.) Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 762 (2004) (Breyer, J., concurring) (citing Restatement [section] 404 and cmt a; Int'l Law Assoc., Final Report on the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Respect of Gross Human Rights Offenses 2 (2000)).

(56.) Id. at 712-34.

(57.) Id. at 725.

(58.) Id.

(59.) Id. at 734-35.

(60.) Id. at 745.

(61.) Sosa, 542 U.S. at 762 (Breyer, J., concurring).

(62.) Id. at 725.

(63.) Doe v. Exxon Mobil Corp., 393 F. Supp. 2d 20, 24 (D.D.C. 2005) (holding defendants cannot be liable on an aiding and abetting theory where adjudicating plaintiffs' claims would impermissibly interfere with Indonesia's sovereignty and U.S. foreign policy).

(64.) Transparency International, Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index 2006, http://www.transparency.org/news_roond/in_focuslcpi_2006/ cpi_table.

(65.) Id.

(66.) U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security, Compliance and Enforcement, Export Compliance and Enforcement, Export Management Systems, http://www.bis.doc.gov/ ComplianceAndEnforcement/ExportManagementSystems.htm (last visited Feb. 3, 2007).

(67.) Commerce Control List Overview and the Country Chart, 15 C.F.R. [section] 738 (2006).

(68.) 15 C.F.R. [section] 738, Supp. 1 (2006).

(69.) Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons, supra note 39.

(70.) See, e.g., UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE, 2005 COUNTRY REPORTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS PRACTICES (Mar. 2006), available at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/ rls/hrrpt/2005 (last visited Feb. 3, 2007).

(71.) See Transparency International, Annual Report 2005 (2005), available at http://www.transparency.org/content/ download/8101/51449/ffle/TIAR2005.pdf(last visited Feb. 3, 2007).

(72.) 110 F. Supp. 2d 1294, 1299-1301 (C.D. Cal. 2000), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 395 F.3d 932 (9th Cir. 2002).

Martin J. Weinstein is a partner in the Litigation Department of Wilkie Farr & Gallagher LLP and leads the Compliance Enforcement Practice Group. Formerly an Assistant U.S. Attorney in the Fraud Section of the Northern District of Georgia, Mr. Weinstein received the John Marshall Award for legal achievement in trial and litigation in 1995 in connection with the prosecution of Lockheed under the FCPA. Mr. Weinstein received a J.D. from the University of Virginia Law School in 1984 and a B.A. from Dartmouth in 1981.