A longitudinal evaluation of senior managers' perceptions and attitudes of a Workplace Diversity Training program.

is unjustified.* 1 2 3

4 5

Agree Agree

Somewhat 1. I believe that diversity

is fair. 4 5 2. Diversity is stressful

for me. * 4 5 3. I feel 4 5

enthusiastic about

diversity. 4. Diversity is expensive for

organizations. * 4 5 5. Diversity leads to harmony

in organizations. 4 5 6. I feel frustrated

with diversity. * 4 5 7. I feel hopeful about

diversity. 4 5 8. I believe that diversity

is worthless. * 4 5 9. I support diversity

efforts in organizations. 4 5 10. I withdraw from

organizational diversity

efforts. 4 5 11. Diversity is rewarding

for me. 4 5 12. I feel resentful about

diversity. * 4 5 13. Diversity is an asset

for organizations. 4 5 14. Diversity leads me to make

personal sacrifices. * 4 5 15. I participate in

organizational diversity

efforts. 4 5 16. I resist organizational

diversity efforts. * 4 5 17. I believe that diversity

is good. 4 5 18. Diversity is unprofitable

for organizations. 4 5 19. Diversity is enriching

for me. 4 5 20. I believe that diversity

is unjustified.* 4 5 Copyright 2001 by Kenneth P. De Meuse and Todd J. Hostager. Note. Asterisk (*) denotes item is reverse scored. EXHIBIT 2 Cronbach Coefficient Alpha Scores Across the Three Time Periods

WDS Scores

Cronbach's WDS Dimension Time 1 Time 2 Time 3 Alpha Emotional Reactions 15.03 16.94 17.06 0.89 Judgments 17.34 18.74 18.26 0.87 Behavioral Reactions 17.11 19.17 19.09 0.75 Personal Consequences 14.91 15.94 16.23 0.84 Organizational Outcomes 14.94 16.57 16.43 0.76 Notes: Sample sizes are 40 (Time 1), 40 (Time 2), and 35 (Time 3). There are four WDS items for each of the five dimensions: Emotional Reactions = WDS items #3, 6, 7, and 12. Judgements = WDS items #1, 8, 17, and 20. Behavioral Reactions = WDS items #9, 10, 15, 16. Personal Consequences = WDS items #2, 11, 14, and 19. Organizational Outcomes = WDS items #4, 5, 13, and 18. Each WDS item is worth up to five points, yielding a maximum score of 20 points per dimension. EXHIBIT 3 Descriptive Statistics Across Three Time Periods WDS Dimensions Time 1 Time 2 WDS Items M SD M SD 1. Emotional Reactions: 15.03 3.09 16.94 2.85

Item #3 - Enthusiastic 3.20 0.99 3.91 0.95

Item #6 - Frustrate * 3.86 1.14 4.20 1.05

Item #7 - Hopeful 3.69 1.11 4.14 0.91

Item #12 - Resentful * 4.29 1.02 4.69 0.87 2. Judgments: 17.34 2.95 18.74 1.98

Item #1 - Fair 4.20 0.83 4.54 0.92

Item #8 - Worthless * 4.60 0.77 4.80 0.47

Item #17 - Good 4.37 0.77 4.66 0.48

Item #20 - Unjustified * 4.17 1.10 4.74 0.70 3. Behavioral Reactions: 17.11 2.46 19.17 1.25

Item #9 - Support 4.23 0.94 4.74 0.51

Item #10 - Withdraw * 4.37 0.91 4.91 0.28

Item #15 - Participate 3.97 0.98 4.57 0.70

Item #16 - Resist * 4.54 0.92 4.94 0.24 4. Personal Consequences: 14.91 2.89 15.94 2.93

Item #2 - Stressful * 4.06 0.83 3.94 1.30

Item #11 - Rewarding 3.17 0.98 3.60 1.09

Item #14 - Sacrifices * 4.11 1.05 4.31 0.99

Item #19 - Enriching 3.57 1.09 4.09 1.01 5. Organizational Outcomes: 14.94 2.65 16.57 2.91

Item #4 - Expensive * 3.49 0.89 3.89 1.18

Item #5 - Harmony 3.09 1.09 3.40 1.12

Item #13 - Asset 4.26 0.85 4.71 0.62

Item #18 - Unprofitable * 4.11 1.05 4.57 0.95 OVERALL SCORE 79.34 11.98 87.37 10.00 WDS Dimensions Time 3 WDS Items M SD 1. Emotional Reactions: 17.06 2.58

Item #3 - Enthusiastic 3.86 0.88

Item #6 - Frustrate * 4.43 1.01

Item #7 - Hopeful 4.09 0.85

Item #12 - Resentful * 4.69 0.83 2. Judgments: 18.26 2.47

Item #1 - Fair 4.40 0.81

Item #8 - Worthless * 4.83 0.45

Item #17 - Good 4.46 0.74

Item #20 - Unjustified * 4.57 0.88 3. Behavioral Reactions: 19.09 1.70

Item #9 - Support 4.74 0.51

Item #10 - Withdraw * 4.89 0.32

Item #15 - Participate 4.63 0.65

Item #16 - Resist * 4.83 0.62 4. Personal Consequences: 16.23 2.93

Item #2 - Stressful * 4.34 0.81

Item #11 - Rewarding 3.57 1.04

Item #14 - Sacrifices * 4.51 0.82

Item #19 - Enriching 3.80 1.11 5. Organizational Outcomes: 16.43 2.45

Item #4 - Expensive * 4.17 0.98

Item #5 - Harmony 3.31 0.93

Item #13 - Asset 4.37 0.69

Item #18 - Unprofitable * 4.57 0.78 OVERALL SCORE 87.06 10.32 Notes. Asterisk (*) denotes that these WDS items were reverse-scored. All item scores ranged from one to five, yielding a minimum dimensional score of five and a maximum dimensional score of 20. The minimum and maximum overall score was 25 and 100, respectively. EXHIBIT 4 Paired Sample t-Tests Across Three Time Periods

Mean Change in WDS Scores--

Time 1 to Time 2 WDS Dimensions M SD df t Emotional Reactions 1.91 2.23 34 5.08 *** Judgments 1.40 2.40 34 3.45 ** Behavioral Reactions 2.06 2.01 34 6.04 *** Personal Consequences 1.03 2.68 34 2.23 * Organizational Outcomes 1.63 3.15 34 3.06 **

OVERALL SCORE 8.03 8.34 34 5.69 ***

Mean Change in WDS Scores--

Time 2 to Time 3 WDS Dimensions M SD df t Emotional Reactions 0.11 1.64 34 0.41 Judgments -0.49 1.50 34 -1.91 Behavioral Reactions -0.09 1.42 34 -0.36 Personal Consequences 0.29 2.36 34 0.72 Organizational Outcomes -0.14 1.73 34 -0.49

OVERALL SCORE -0.31 4.51 34 -0.41

Mean Change in WDS Scores--

Time 1 to Time 3 WDS Dimensions M SD df t Emotional Reactions 2.03 2.41 34 4.99 *** Judgments 0.91 1.84 34 2.94 ** Behavioral Reactions 1.97 2.08 34 5.61 *** Personal Consequences 1.31 2.51 34 3.1 ** Organizational Outcomes 1.49 2.83 34 3.1 **

OVERALL SCORE 7.71 8.05 34 5.67 *** Note. Sample size is 35 for all three time periods. * p < .05; ** p < .01; *** P < .001.