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ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Originally from England, Philip Murphy has taught in Japan since
1990. With a background in computer science and an M.Ed. in TESOL, he is
currently working towards a Doctorate in Applied Linguistics at
Macquarie University in Sydney Australia. His research interests lie
with computer-assisted language learning and promoting learner autonomy.
Email: murphy@kanda.kuis.ac.jp
Table 1. Descriptive Statistics
Type of English Manner Mean SD n
feedback proficiency of study
level
Elaborative High Alone 10.70 1.75 23
Pair 10.94 2.24 31
Total 10.83 2.03 54
Low Alone 9.13 1.85 24
Pair 10.60 1.65 30
Total 9.94 1.88 54
Total Alone 9.89 1.95 47
Pair 10.77 1.96 61
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