Acs, Z. J. and D. B. Audretsch (1989), 'Small-firm entry in US
manufacturing'. Economica 56(222), 255-265.
Acs, Z. J., D. B. Audretsch, and D. S. Evans (1994), 'Why does
the self-employment rate vary across countries and over time?'.
CEPR Discussion Paper 871.
Acs, Z. J., R. Florida, and S. Y. Lee (2007), 'Creativity and
entrepreneurship: A regional analysis of new firm formation'.
Regional Studies 38(8), 879-891.
Aghion, P. and P. Howitt (1997), Endogenous Growth Theory.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Arenius, P. and M. Minitti (2005), 'Perceptual variables and
nascent entrepreneurship'. Small Business Economics 24, 233-247.
Audretsch, D. B. (1995), Innovation and Industry Evolution.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Audretsch, D. B. (2002), 'Entrepreneurship: A survey of the
literature'. Prepared for the European Commission, Enterprise
Directorate General.
Audretsch, D. B. and R. Thurik (2001), 'Linking
entrepreneurship to growth'. STI Working Paper 2001/2, Paris: OECD.
Austin, J. S. and D. I. Rosenbaum (1990), 'The determinants of
entry and exit rates into U.S. manufacturing industries'. Review of
Industrial Organization 5(2), 211-223.
Autio, E., Y. P. Ho, and P. K. Wong (2005), 'Entrepreneurship,
innovation and economic growth: Evidence from GEM data'. Small
Business Economics 24(3), 335-350.
Baldwin, J. R. and P. K. Gorecki (1991), 'Firm entry and exit
in the Canadian manufacturing sector, 1970-1982'. Canadian Journal
of Economics 24(2), 300-323.
Barreto, H. (1989), The Entrepreneur in Economic Theory,
Disappearance and Explanation. London: Routledge.
Bartelsman, E., S. Scarpetta, and F. Schivardi (2003),
'Comparative analysis of firm demographics and survival:
Micro-Level evidence for the OECD countries'. OECD Economic
Department Working Paper no. 348, Paris: OECD.
Baumol, W. J. (1968), 'Entrepreneurship in economic
theory'. American Economic Review 58, 64-71.
Birch, D. L. (1979), The Job Generation Process. Cambridge, MA: MIT
Programme on Neighborhood and Regional Change.
Blanchflower, D. G. (2000), 'Self-employment in OECD
countries'. Labor Economics 7, 471-505.
Blanchflower, D. G. (2004), 'Self-employment: More may not be
better'. NBER Working Paper 10286.
Blanchflower, D. G., A. Oswald, and A. Stutzer (2001), 'Latent
entrepreneurship across countries'. European Economic Review 45,
680-691.
Borjas, G. (1999), 'The wage structure and self-selection into
self-employment'. Working Paper, Harvard University.
Brandt, N. (2004), 'Business dynamics and policies'. OECD
Economic Studies 38(l), 9-36.
Brock, W. and D. Evans (1986), The Economics of Small Business:
Their Role and Regulation in the U.S. Economy. New York/London: Holmes
& Meier.
Buera, F. J. (2003), A Dynamic Model of Entrepreneurship with
Borrowing Constraints. Mimeo: Chicago University.
Calvo, G. and S. Wellisz (1980), 'Technology, entrepreneurs,
and firm size'. Quarterly Journal of Economics 95, 663-677.
Cantillon, R. (1959), Essai sur la Nature du Commerce in General
(Essay on the Nature of Trade in General). London: Frank Cass and
Company.
Carree, M., A. van Stel, R. Thurik, and S. Wennekers (2002),
'Economic development and business ownership: An analysis using
data of 23 OECD countries in the period 1976-1996'. Small Business
Economics 19, 271-290.
Carree, M. A. and R. Thurik (2003), 'The impact of
entrepreneurship on economic growth'. In: Z. J. Acs and D. B.
Audretsch (eds.): Handbook of Entrepreneurship Research, Chapter 17.
Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Casson, M. (2003), The Entrepreneur--An Economic Theory.
Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Caves, R. E. (1998), 'Industrial organizations and new
findings on the turnover and mobility of firms'. Journal of
Economic Literature 36(4), 1947-1982.
de Meza, D. and C. Southey (1996), 'The borrower's curse:
Optimism, finance and entrepreneurship'. Economic Journal 106,
375-386.
Dunne, T., M. J. Roberts, and L. Samuelson (1988), 'Patterns
of firm entry and exit in the U.S. manufacturing industries'. RAND
Journal of Economics 19(4), 495-515.
Eurostat (2001), European Community Household Panel. Luxembourg:
Eurostat, European Commission.
Eurostat (2004), Business Demography in Europe--Results for 10
Member States and Norway. Luxembourg: European Commission.
Evans, D. and B. Jovanovic (1989), 'An estimated model of
entrepreneurial choice under liquidity constraints'. Journal of
Political Economy 97, 808-827.
Evans, D. and L. S. Leighton (1989), 'Some empirical aspects
of entrepreneurship'. American Economic Review 79(3), 519-535.
Fairlie, R. W. (1999), 'The absence of the African-American
owned business: An analysis of the dynamics of self-employment'.
Journal of Labor Economics 17(1), 80-108.
Gartner, W. B. and S. A. Shane (1995), 'Measuring
entrepreneurship over time'. Journal of Business Venturing 10,
283-301.
GEM (2004), Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, Global 2000 Executive
Report. www.gemconsortium.org.
Geroski, P. A. (1995), 'What do we know about entry?'.
International Journal of Industrial Organization 13(4), 421-440.
Griliches, Z. (1990), 'Patent statistics as economic
indicators: A survey'. Journal of Economic Literature 28(4),
1661-1707.
Grilo, I. and J. Irigoyen (2006), 'Entrepreneurship in the EU:
To wish and not to be'. Small Business Economics 26, 305-318.
Hebert, R. F. and A. N. Link (1988), The Entrepreneur, Mainstream
Views and Radical Critiques. New York: Praeger.
Holmes, T. J. and J. A. Schmitz Jr. (1990), 'A theory of
entrepreneurship and its application to the study of business
transfers'. Journal of Political Economy 98, 265-294.
Jovanovic, B. (1982), 'Selection and the evolution of
industry'. Econometrica 50, 649370.
Kanbur, S. M. (1979), 'Of risk taking and the personal
distribution of income'. Journal of Political Economy 87, 769-797.
Kihlstrom, R. and J.-J. Laffont (1979), 'A general equilibrium
entrepreneurial theory of firm formation based on risk aversion'.
Journal of Political Economy 87, 719748.
Kirchhoff, B. A. (1994), Entrepreneurship and Dynamic Capitalism.
Praeger.
Kirzner, I. (1973), Competition and Entrepreneurship. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Kirzner, I. (1997), 'Entrepreneurial discovery and the
competitive market process: An austrian approach'. Journal of
Economic Literature 35, 60-85.
Knight, F. (1942), 'Profit and entrepreneurial
functions'. The Journal of Economic History 2(supplement), 126-132.
Knight, F. (1971), Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press. (First edition 1921).
Lazear, E. P. (2004), 'Balanced skills and
entrepreneurship'. American Economic Review 94, 208-211.
Le, A. T. (1999), 'Empirical studies of self-employment'.
Journal of Economic Surveys 13(4), 381-416.
Lin, Z., G. Picot, and J. Compton (2000), 'The entry and exit
dynamics of self-employment in Canada'. Small Business Economics
15, 105-125.
Lucas Jr., R. E. (1978), 'On the size distribution of business
firms'. Bell Journal of Economics 9, 508-523.
Marshall, A. (1964), Principles of Economics. London: Macmillan and
Company Limited.
Meyer, B. D. (1990), 'Why are there so few black
entrepreneurs?'. NBER Working Paper no. 3537.
OECD (1997), OECD Economic Surveys: The United States 1996/ 1997.
Paris: OECD.
OECD (1998), Fostering Entrepreneurship, Directorate for
Employment, Labor and Social Affairs. Paris: OECD.
OECD (2000), Employment Outlook. Paris: OECD.
OECD (2001a), The New Economy Beyond the Hype--The OECD Growth
Project. Paris: OECD.
OECD (2001b), Putting the Young in Business: Policy Challenges for
Youth Entrepreneurship, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local
Development. Paris: OECD.
OECD (2001c), Science, Technology and Industry Outlook. Drivers of
Growth: Information Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship,
Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry. Paris: OECD.
OECD (2005a), Documentation: The OECD Labor Market Statistics
Database. www.oecd.org.
OECD (2005b), SME and Entrepreneurship Outlook, OECD Centre for
Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development. Paris: OECD.
Otani, K. (1996), 'A human capital approach to
entrepreneurship'. Economica 63, 273-289.
Parker, S. C. (2004), The Economics of Self-Employment and
Entrepreneurship. Cambridge University Press.
Parker, S. C. and Y. Belghitar (2006), 'What happens to
nascent entrepreneurs? An econometric analysis of the PSED'. Small
Business Economics 27, 81-101.
Parker, S. C. and M. T. Robson (2004), 'Explaining
international variations in self-employment: Evidence from a panel of
OECD countries'. Southern Economic Journal 71, 287-301.
Quill, M., N. Bosma, and M. Minniti (2006), 'Global
entrepreneurship monitor: 2006 data assessment'.
www.gemconsortium.org.
Reynolds, P., N. Bosma, E. Autio, S. Hunt, N. D. Bono, I. Servais,
P. Lopez-Garcia, and N. Chin (2005), 'Global entrepreneurship
monitor: Data collection design and implementation 1998-2003'.
Small Business Economics 24, 205-231.
Reynolds, P., N. M. Carter, W. B. Gartner, and P. G. Greene (2004),
'The prevalence of nascent entrepreneurship in the United States:
Evidence from panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics'. Small
Business Economics 23, 263-284.
Reynolds, P., D. J. Storey, and P. Westhead (1994),
'Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation
rates'. Regional Studies 28(4), 443-456.
COPYRIGHT 2008 Now Publishers,
Inc. Reproduced with permission of the copyright holder. Further reproduction or distribution is prohibited without permission.
Copyright 2008, Gale Group. All rights
reserved. Gale Group is a Thomson Corporation Company.
NOTE: All illustrations and photos have been removed from this article.