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Ryan Bullock is a PhD student in Geography, Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo and Student Councilor for the Canadian Association of Geographers. His research focuses on community involvement in resource and environmental management, conservation and development, political ecology, and social learning. He can be reached at rclbullo@fes.uwaterloo.ca

Anne Watelet is an Assistant Professor in Geography at Laurentian University. Her research interests include the hydrology of land use change, hydrological simulation and the hydrology of watersheds undergoing environmental restoration. She is involved in Source Water Protection planning with the Nickel District Conservation Authority and was Co-Chair of the Junction Creek Stewardship Committee in Sudbury, Ontario. She can be reached at awatelet@laurentian.ca

(1) Earlier work on the Ontario CA program comprehensively reviews its history, shifting policy climate, and operational issues up to the mid-1990s (e.g. Richardson 1974, Mitchell and Shrubsole 1992, Shrubsole 1990, 1996).

(2) Since 2002, new provincial initiatives aimed at source water protection have injected funds into the Ontario CA program as a whole. Related changes and implications for the NDCA are the subject of future inquiry. Table 1. Ontario CA Founding Principles and Predicted Implications Local Initiative watershed municipalities must work

together; grassroots involvement in local

resource management Provincial-Municipal cost-sharing; top-down technical advice

Partnership coupled with local knowledge Watershed Management Unit political boundaries do not always match

those of natural systems; whole systems

must be addressed Healthy Environment/Healthy conserving natural resources supports

Economy socio-economic development Comprehensive Approach address land and water issues in urban and

rural settings Coordination and Cooperation interagency collaboration to benefit

public and private interests (Adapted from Mitchell and Shrubsole 1992) Figure 3. Total NDCA Funding by Source 1980-1995 Provincial 56% Municipal, 23% Federal, 6% Other, 16% 1996-2002 Provincial, 26% Municipal, 48% Federal, 4% Other, 21% Note: Table made from pie chart. Table 2. NDCA Inventory of Programs, 1980 to 2002 Land and Water Resource Management Capital Non-Capital Water and Erosion Flood Plain Management: Control: Flood Monitoring

Building and Maintaining Flood Warning

Dams, Berms, Dykes, Flood Forecasting

Culverts Flood Plain Enforcement

Channel Improvements Flood Plain Mapping

Channel Diversion Flood Damage Reduction Survey

Reservoirs Public Flood Risk Maps

Stabilizing Banks Snow Course Survey

Sediment Control Fill Regulation

Shoreline Stabilization Field Inspections

Tree Planting Permits

Flood Monitoring Flood Plain Inquiries

Equipment Installation Engineering Studies

Watershed Management Planning & Studies

Input Official Plans and Zoning By-laws

Community Relations Program/Publicity

Consult Private Landowners

Other:

Source Protection

Water Quality