You've got some GALL: Google-assisted language learning.

INTRODUCTION

"Just google it!"

"Have you googled it yet?"

"I'll google it later."

Commands, inquiries, and intentions of this sort have become so commonplace in class discussions, during meetings, over dinner, and on the phone as to approach cliche. One article making the rounds on the AP wire even investigated "googling your date" (Irvine, 2007).

The impact of the internet on the English, and global, lexicon is nothing new. It has become habitual to send e-mails or text messages in lieu of using snail-mail or calling on the phone. Many other forms of computer-mediated communication have similarly found themselves both publicly and officially recognized. In 2004, blog was named Merriam Webster's word of the year ("Blog Picked," 2004; Merriam-Webster Online, 2005). Likewise podcast, which the New Oxford American Dictionary named as its 2005 word of the year ("Wordsmiths Hail Podcast," 2005). Google entered Merriam-Webster the next year, though only as runner-up for word of the year, losing out to truthiness (Ahrens, 2006; Merriam-Webster, 2006). What is unique about Google's cross-over is not only the fact that its brand name has trumped its function, in the same way many of us blow our noses in kleenex, toss frisbees, and dress our wounds with band-aids, but that it is this function with which it is synonymous (i.e., it's a verb). As such, no longer do we simply 'search' for something online. Now we google it.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF GOOGLE

In 1998, co-founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin launched their newly renamed search engine, Google. Acknowledging the mathematical origins of its moniker (a 'googol' is 1 followed by 100 zeros), a statement on its website indicates that "Google's play on the term reflects the company's mission to organize the immense amount of information available on the web." In the eyes of the public, this mission was seemingly accomplished very quickly, such that in 2003, a New York Times columnist somewhat sarcastically asked "Is Google God?" (Friedman, 2003). In 2004, Wired magazine celebrated Googlemania, chronicling the site's rise to the summit of search and its impending death-match with Microsoft (Malone, 2004). In 2005, the fictional retrospective documentary, EPIC 2015, mockingly documented the Evolving Personalized Information Construct, portending a mammoth cyber-merger with Amazon which would deliver its GoogleZon progeny to the world. In 2006, 'Google' itself was the most searched term on AOL's search engine during a three month period, i.e., Google itself was apparently being googled (Nakashima, 2006a). Come 2007, half of all US searches were being conducted on Google (comScore, 2007a). By March of the same year, Google was reportedly the "world's most-visited site" (Kopytoff, 2007). And at least two major universities were offering courses in 'Google' (McCloskey, 2007). Numerous books have been published on the subject of Google, covering it both as a successful business model and a powerful internet tool. Following the theme of the latter, Google offers a range of practical applications for language instructors and learners alike.

A GOOGOL OF PEDAGOGICAL USES FOR GOOGLE

Since its inception, language instructors have recognized the informational potential offered by the internet. Corpus linguistics, for instance, went online with web-based linguistic corpora and KWIC (key word in context) concordancers (e.g., MiCASE). Google has itself even been proposed as a 'quick 'n dirty' concordancer (Robb, 2003; Rundell, 2000). But it also has the capability to do much more than simply facilitate basic Boolean-type searches.

Google as Informative Tool

At a basic level, Google, by default, checks for and corrects spelling errors, such that a query for 'cofee' proffers 'Did you mean: coffee.' Beyond superficial form, however, learners can discover meaning by appending a dictionary command to the start of a term (e.g., 'define: coffee'). Google can also focus on usage. The 'define: coffee' command offers several common collocations (e.g., coffee break, Turkish coffee) at the top of the page. Typing into Google Suggest will preview similar collocations. And in using a wildcard command such as 'I drink * coffee', the asterisk acts as a placeholder for a gap-fill, and results in a range of potential responses. This is also useful for phrasal verbs, such that by typing 'come * with', learners discover 'come up with', 'come away with' and more. Another way to maintain context is to search authentic texts in Google Books, where a search for 'coffee' introduces learners to rich prose describing 'roasted coffee' and 'steaming coffee'. Learners curious about the different synonyms for coffee can compare the regional popularity of their usage at Google Trends. A search for 'cup of coffee, cup of joe, cup of mud, cup of java' will not only inform the inquisitive learners of the global popularity of 'cup of coffee', but also that 'cup of joe' is not uncommon in the United States, particularly in New York. Conducting such comparative searches on Google Fight, a Google hack (an unauthorized modification by a third party), provides a more animated and entertaining display of the results. To discover synonyms in the first place, learners can prefix a given term with a tilde (e.g., ~coffee), which searches not only for said term, but also popular related terms.

Vocabulary development can be encouraged more interactively through use of the Google Image Labeler, a real-time two-player game where the goal is to reciprocally label a series of digital photos. Google Sets provides another option useful even to beginning learners: an opportunity for listing and brainstorming. A search for 'black', for instance, displays an extensive list of other colors. Google also offers several tools for beginning learners' numeracy work. Typing '3 x 2' into Google turns it into an instant calculator. Queries patterned after official exchange lingo (e.g., '3.99 USD in RUB') offer updated currency conversions. Adapting 'weather Seattle' displays local forecasts both textually and graphically. And simply typing an accurate address into Google directs learners to Google Maps.

Another option well-suited to beginning, as well as more advanced, language learners is the Google Language Tools page, which provides interfacing in over 100 legitimate and faux (e.g., Elmer Fudd) languages. Interface and search language 'preferences' can also be set from Google's home page, such that all results are restricted to the language of choice. Also available for many of these are search and translation services. Entire websites can be translated in mere seconds. The creative 1888usa Google hack combines Google's translations with AT&T's speech synthesis (a.k.a., text-to-speech) demo.

More advanced learners can be encouraged to manipulate and interact with their target language by conducting creative webquests on Google. For example, learners can type in a few random ingredients (e.g., 'black beans brown rice tomatoes cilantro') to see what recipes Google can concoct. The Cookin' with Google hack performs similar searches, exclusively on several popular recipe sites. Google can also be used to guide learners in more traditional webquests. Returning to the coffee illustration, Google would enable learners conducting research on the history of coffee to search for information on pre-selected sites (e.g., 'coffeesite:www.ethiopianembassy.org'). By clicking the 'Cached' link under any of the search results, the search terms are brightly highlighted. And if said learners are in need of more information, use of the link command (e.g., link:www.ethiopianembassy.org) will provide referral to sites linked to the given source.

Instructors desiring greater control over learners' search activities can tailor their own search engines using Google Coop. For example, this Ethiopian Coffee search engine will only search pre-selected sites identified on that page. Instructors and learners unable or uninterested in recalling the aforementioned commands can access Google's Advanced Search page, which provides a more userfriendly interface for many of these.

Though Google's range of search tools is in and of itself impressive, perhaps what makes it all the more powerful is its recognition of the internet's potential. e-Language Learning describes the use of modern web-based tools for learning opportunities which are informative, productive, collaborative, communicative, and aggregative. The preceding examples illustrate how Google successfully provides myriad opportunities for the first of these, in essence employing its most traditional use as an information provider. Google also offers a comprehensive suite of free programs (to anyone who registers for an account) which help facilitate the remainder.

Google as a Productive Tool