Nordic entrepreneurship research.

Wiklund, J., Dimov, D., Katz, J.A., & Shepherd, D.A. (Eds.). (2006). Entrepreneurship: Frameworks and empirical investigations from forthcoming leaders of European research. In Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence and growth (Vol. 9). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Please send correspondence to: Daniel Hjorth, tel.: (+45) 3815-2653; e-mail: dhj.lpf@cbs.dk.

(1.) The author is grateful to Lena Olaison for her assistance in preparing the material for this study. I am also grateful to Goran Andersson who generously has provided his previous studies on the history of the Nordic Conference on Small Business. Finally my thanks go to the editors of this issue, who have provided constructive feedback throughout the emergence of this paper.

(2.) We state here 28-29% as the graph says 28%, whereas the figure above the graph says 29%, at p. 25 in the EC-report.

(3.) There are studies indicating how the qualitative-quantitative choice is gender directed, e.g., within medicine (Johansson et al., 2002).

(4.) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor--an initiative started by Paul D. Reynolds.

(5.) Although this is based on counting papers, it seems relevant to present as trends rather than as exact figures.

Daniel Hjorth is Professor of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management at the Department of Management, Politics and Philosophy, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. Table 1 Problem Areas for Intra-Nordic Collaborations Partnerships with Finland Norway Sweden Denmark Participation Participation Participation

versus versus versus

formalization teamworking formalization Finland -- Autonomy versus Autonomy versus

formalization formalization Norway -- Teamworking versus

formalization Source: Smith et al. (2003, p. 13). Table 2 Nativity in Selected Countries (%)

Children per Children per Country woman 1970 woman 1995 Denmark 1.95 1.8 Finland 1.8 1.8 Norway 1.95 (1975) 1.85 Sweden 1.95 1.7 Austria 2.3 1.4 France 2.45 1.7 Greece 2.4 1.3 Italy 2.4 1.2 Source: Statistics Sweden, http://www.scb.se. Table 3 Educational Levels

Percentage low Percentage low

education (women) education (men) Denmark 18 16 Finland 21 24 Sweden 15 19 Austria 26 15 Belgium 37 36 France 37 33 Germany 20 13 Italy 51 51

Percentage high Percentage high

education (women) education (men) Denmark 34 30 Finland 38 30 Sweden 33 24 Austria 16 23 Belgium 31 29 France 25 23 Germany 21 29 Italy 12 11 Source: Statistics Sweden, http://www.scb.se. Table 4 PCs, Mobile Phones, and IT Expenditure (%)

Mobile

PCs/100 phones/100 IT expenditure

inhabitants inhabitants in percentage

(2003) (2003) of GNP (2004) Denmark 58 88 3.4 Finland 44 91 3.4 Sweden 62 98 3.9 Austria 37 88 2.9 Belgium 32 79 2.9 France 35 70 3.1 Germany 48 79 2.9 Italy 23 102 1.8 Source: Statistics Sweden, http://www.scb.se. GNP, Gross National Product; IT, information technology. Table 5 Entrepreneurial Activity--Nordic Countries (%) Country 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 ([dagger]) Denmark 7.2 8.0 6.5 5.9 5.3 4.5-5 Finland 8.1 7.7 4.6 6.9 4.4 Appr. 5 Iceland -- -- 11.3 11.2 13.6 Appr. 11 Norway 11.9 8.8 8.7 7.5 7.0 Appr. 9 Sweden 6.7 6.7 4.9 4.1 3.7 Appr. 4 ([dagger]) Translated from the figure on p. 16 in Acs et al. (2005). Source: Reynolds et al. (2003). Appr., approximately. Table 6 Classification of Countries by Presence of Entrepreneurial Activity Group Count Countries A 5 Chile, Korea, New Zeeland, Uganda, and Venezuela B 4 Brazil, China, India, and Mexico C 15 Argentina, Australia, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Hong

Kong, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Slovenia, Spain,

Singapore, Thailand, United Kingdom, and United

States D 9 Belgium, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Norway,

South Africa, Sweden, and Switzerland E 7 Chinese Taipei, Croatia, France, The Netherlands,

Japan, Russia, and Poland Source: Reynolds, Bygrave, and Autio (2003, p. 12). Table 7 Nordic Conference on Small Business--Participation per Country (%) Country 1980 1990 1992 2006 Denmark 4 25 3 0 Finland 2 8.5 52 32 Iceland 0 0 0 0 Norway 15 23 10 16 Sweden 78 38 20 42 Source: 1980-1992: Andersson (1992); 2006: Own data. The conference has had between 50 (the first 6 years, 1980- 1990) to in-between 80 to 100 participants (1992-2006).