Leadership style and organizational commitment: mediating effect of role stress.

Luthans, F., D. Baack and L. Taylor. 1987. "Organizational Commitment: Analysis of Antecedents." Human Relations 40: 219-236.

Mathieu, J. and D. Zajac. 1990. "A Review of Meta-analysis of the Antecedents, Correlates and Consequences of Organizational Commitment." Psychological Bulletin 108: 171-194.

McGrath, J. 1986. "Studying Groups at Work: Ten Critical Needs." Chapter in Designing Effective Work Groups. Ed. P. S. Goodman. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass.

Meglino, B., E. Ravlin and C. Adkins. 1989. "A Work Values Approach to Corporate Culture: A Field Test of the Value Congruence Process and Its Relationship to Individual Outcomes." Journal of Applied Psychology 743: 424-432.

Meyer, J., S. Herscovitch and L. Topolnytsky. 2002. "Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organization: A Meta-analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences." Journal of Vocational Behavior 61: 20-52.

Michaels, R., W. Cron, A. Dubinsky and E. Joachimsthaler. 1988. "Influence of Formalization on the Organizational Commitment and Work Alienation of Sales-People and Industrial Buyers." Journal of Marketing Research 25: 376-383.

Moncrief, W., E. Babakus, D. Cravens and M. Johnston. 2000. "Examining Gender Differences in Field Sales Organizations." Journal of Business Research 49: 245-257.

Morris, J. and J. Sherman. 1981. "Generalizability of an Organizational Commitment Model." Academy of Management Journal 24: 512-526.

--and R. Steers. 1980. "Structural Influences on Organizational Commitment." Journal of Vocational Behavior 17: 50-57.

Mowday, R., L. Porter and R. Dubin. 1974. "Unit Performance, Situational Factors, and Employee Attitudes in Spatially Separated Work Units." Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 12: 231-248.

--, --and R. Steers. 1982. Organizational Linkage: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover. New York, NY: Academic Press.

--, R. Steers and L. Porter. 1979. "The Measurement of Organizational Commitment." Journal of Vocational Behavior 14: 224-247.

Mueller, C. and E. Lawler. 1999. "Commitment to Nested Organizational Units: Some Basic Principles and Preliminary Findings." Social Psychology Quarterly: 325-346.

Nunnally, J. 1978. Psychometric Theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Organ, D. and C. Greene. 1981. "The Effects of Formalization on Professional Involvement: A Compensatory Process Approach." Administrative Science Quarterly 26: 237-252.

Pearce, J. 1981. "Bringing Some Clarity to Role Ambiguity Research." Academy of Management Review 6: 665-674.

Petty, M. and N. Bruning. 1980. "A Comparison of the Relationships Between Subordinates' Perceptions of Supervisory Behavior and Measures of Subordinates' Job Satisfaction for Male and Female Leaders." Academy of Management Journal 21: 717-725.

Podsakoff, P., L. Williams and W. Tudor. 1986. "Effects of Organizational Formalization on Alienation Among Professionals and Nonprofessionals." Academy of Management Journal 29: 820-831.

Porter, L., W. Crampon and F. Smith. 1976. "Organizational Commitment and Managerial Turnover: A Longitudinal Study." Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 15: 87-98.

--, R. Steers, R. Mowday and P. Boulian. 1974. "Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and Turnover Among Psychiatric Technicians." Journal of Applied Psychology 59: 603-609.

Randall, D. and J. Cote. 1991. "Interrelationships of Work Commitment Constructs." Work and Occupations 18: 194-211.

Reichers, A. 1985. "A Review and Reconceptualization of Organizational Commitment." Academy of Management Review 10: 465-476.

Reichheld, F. 2001. "Lead for Loyalty." Harvard Business Review 79: 76.

Riketta, M. 2002. "Attitudinal Organizational Commitment and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Organizational Behavior 23: 257-266.

Rizzo, J., R. House and S. Lirtzman. 1970. "Role Conflict and Ambiguity in Complex Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly 15:150-163.

Rotondi, T. 1975. "Organizational Identification and Group Involvement." Academy of Management Journal 18: 892-897.

Salancik, G. 1977. "Commitment and the Control of Organizational Behavior and Belief." Chapter in New Directions in Organizational Behavior. Eds. B. M. Staw and G. R. Salancik. Chicago, IL: St. Claire Press.

Schein, E. 1970. Organizational Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Schriesheim, J. and C. Schriesheim. 1980. "A Test of the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership and Some Suggested Directions for Future Research." Personnel Psychology 33: 349-370.

Schul, P. and B. Wren. 1992. "The Emerging Role of Women in Industrial Selling: A Decade of Change." Journal of Marketing 56: 38-54.

Scott-Ladd, B., A. Travaglione and V. Marshall. 2006. "Causal Inferences Between Participation in Decision Making, Task Attributes, Work Effort, Rewards, Job Satisfaction and Commitment." Leadership and Organizational Development Journal 27: 399-414.

Shapiro, B. and S. Doyle. 1983. "Make the Sales Task Clear." Harvard Business Review: 72-76.

Sheldon, M. 1971. "Investments and Involvements as Mechanisms Producing Commitment to the Organization." Administrative Science Quarterly 16:143-150.

Sims, H. and A. Szilagyi. 1975. "Leader Structure and Subordinate Satisfaction for Two Hospital Administrative Levels: A Path Analysis Approach." Journal of Applied Psychology 60: 194-197.

Steers, R. 1977. "Antecedents and Outcomes of Organizational Commitment." Administrative Science Quarterly 2246-2256.

--. 1975. "Problems in the Measurement of Organizational Effectiveness." Administrative Science Quarterly 20: 546-558.

Stephens, R., D. Dawley and D. Stephens. 2004. "Commitment on the Board: A Model of Volunteer Directors' Level of Organizational Commitment and Self- reported Performance." Journal of Managerial Issues 16 (4): 483-505.

Stodgill, R. 1974. Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York, NY: Free Press.

--. 1963. Manual for the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire--Form XII. Columbus, OH: Bureau of Business Research, Ohio State University.

Teas, K. and J. Horrell. 1981. "Salespeople Satisfaction and Performance Feedback." Industrial Marketing Management 10: 49-57.

Tett, R. and J. Meyer. 1993. "Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intention, and Turnover: Path Analyses Based on Meta-Analytic Findings." Personnel Psychology 46: 259-293.

Van Sell, M., A. Brief and R. Schuler. 1981. "Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity: Integration of the Literature and Directions for Future Research." Human Relations 34: 43-71.

Wanous, J. 1977. "Organizational Entry: Newcomers Moving from Outside to Inside." Psychological Bulletin 84: 601-618.

Wasti, S. 2003. "Organizational Commitment, Turnover Intentions and the Influence of Cultural Values." Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 76: 303.

Welsch, H. and H. LaVan. 1981. "Inter-Relationships between Organizational Commitment and Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, Professional Behavior, and Organizational Climate." Human Relations 34: 1079-1089.

Yukl, G. 1981. Leadership in Organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Zahra, S. 1984. "Antecedents and Consequences of Organizational Commitment: An Integrative Approach." Akron Business and Economic Review 15: 26-32.

Kathleen Dale

Assistant Professor of Management

Minnesota State University, Mankato

Marilyn L. Fox

Professor of Management

Minnesota State University, Mankato Table 1 Descriptive Statistics and Correlations

Variable Mean s.d. 1 2 3 1 OC 32.80 9.40 (.89) 2 Initiating Structure 17.29 3.78 .20 * (.75) 3 Consideration 22.33 5.24 .48 * 43 ** (.91) 4 Role Stress 36.16 7.26 -.56 ** -.33 ** -.56 ** 5 Years with Organization 6.13 1.43 .15 -.06 -.08 6 Years in Position 4.92 2.85 -.11 -.03 -.22 ** 7 Years of Education 14.24 4.48 .01 -.04 .07 8 Age 36.00 1.08 .32 ** .06 .09 9 Gender (Male) .20 .40 .10 .40 .002 10 Race (Caucasian) .98 .37 -.16 -.04 -.11

Variable 4 5 6 7 8 1 OC 2 Initiating Structure 3 Consideration 4 Role Stress -.85 5 Years with Organization -.04 6 Years in Position .15 .38 ** 7 Years of Education .05 -.09 -.05 8 Age -.15 .41 ** .19 * -.11 9 Gender (Male) .07 .08 .02 .02 .16 10 Race (Caucasian) -.08 -.09 -.04 -.01 -.17 *

Variable 9 1 OC 2 Initiating Structure 3 Consideration 4 Role Stress 5 Years with Organization 6 Years in Position 7 Years of Education 8 Age 9 Gender (Male) 10 Race (Caucasian) -.06 * Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed); ** Correlation is significant at the .01 level (two-tailed). Table 2 Results of Hierarchical Regression Analyses Predicting OC

Initiating

Structure

[DELTA] Model Variables [beta] [R.sup.2] [R.sup.2]

1 Years with Organization .09

Years in Position -.20 *

Years in Education .04