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Notes

(1) The Arizona Republic, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, the Chicago Tribune, the Daily News of New York, The Dallas Morning News, the Houston Chronicle, the Los Angeles Times, The Miami Herald, The New York Times, Newsday, The Oregonian of Portland, the Rocky Mountain News of Denver, The Sacramento Bee, the St. Petersburg Times, The Tampa Tribune, USA Today, The Virginian-Pilot of Norfolk, and The Washington Post.

(2) Because most broadcasters stopped round-the-clock news coverage a few days after the start of the war, on March 26, 2003, and subsequent sample dates, data were collected from the beginning of national nightly news broadcasts. Screen captures were made of Internet home pages at the same time the television newscasts were recorded.

(3) In a few cases, such as the live pool camera images of the Baghdad skyline on the opening night of the war, the same television image was coded twice. However, this happened only if there was a cutaway or close-up in between the same static shots.

(4) The official war machine category consisted of images of U.S. military commanders (including President George Bush), U.S. military and civilian official(s), non-U.S, coalition military officials, U.S. or coalition ordnance, scenes of the bombardment of Baghdad, scenes of destruction, maps (of Iraq, Kuwait, or the entire Middle East) that located the conflict, and flags. The U.S. and coalition troops category consisted of images of U.S. troops, coalition troops, and U.S. troops and/or coalition troops depicted with Iraqis or military equipment. The enemy category consisted of images of Saddam Hussein, representations of Saddam Hussein (such as statues or posters of the Iraqi leader), Iraqi troops, Iraqi militia, Iraqi official(s), and terrorists. The Iraqi civilians category consisted of images of Iraqi noncombatants or humanitarian relief. The U.S. reaction category consisted of images of home front activities and antiwar protesters. The journalists category consisted of images of anchors or correspondents for television, print, or the Internet.

(5) Categories were collapsed into war machine, troops, and others to avoid unacceptably low expected cell counts.

(6) Categories were collapsed into war machine, troops, and others to avoid unacceptably low expected cell counts.

(7) Categories were collapsed into war machine, troops, the enemy, and others to avoid unacceptably low expected cell counts.

(8) Categories were collapsed into war machine, troops, and others to avoid unacceptably low expected cell counts.

(9) U.S. News & World Report, 134(10). (2003, March 31). Cover.

Carol B. Schwalbe (M.A., The George Washington University) is an associate professor at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University. Her research focuses on the role of images during the Cold War, ethical concerns about publishing violent images, and the visual framing of the Iraq War.

B. William Silcock (Ph.D., University of Missouri) is an associate professor at the Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University. His research interests include global television news, broadcast history, and media ethics.

Susan Keith (Ph.D., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) is an assistant professor in the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at Rutgers University. Her research interests include journalistic practice across platforms, media ethics, and media law.

DOI: 10.1080/08838150802205702