Valuing a business is always an imprecise science, even with large-cap public companies. For example, is the value of a large public company based on its market price? Its book value? Its potential worth if broken into parts that have more perceived value than the whole? The answer is, there are many ways to determine the value of a company. Perhaps the best way to understand the value of any business, large or small, is to look at who's doing the valuing and for what purpose. For example, we'll wager that you would value your family business differently for estate purposes vs. a sale of the business. This is why in many instances, more than one value can be correct.
Regardless of how a business is valued, there are both quantitative and qualitative factors that play a role in a comprehensive appraisal. Many of the elements that go into a business valuation can be classified in three categories:
- "Hard numbers," such as historical profits, assets, cash flow and liabilities, are always important in determining the worth of a business.
- "Soft figures," such as income and cash-flow projections, can be very important to a buyer or investor interested in the company.
- "Intangible assets," such as patents, brand names, quality or reputation of management, location, recipes, customer lists or goodwill often have a hand in determining the overall value of a business.
As indicated above, two of the more common reasons to value a company are for a sale or for estate tax purposes. Other purposes for performing a valuation might include acquiring insurance coverage of various types, attracting a new investor or seeking a credit facility from a bank or finance company.
The key considerations that go into any valuation include:
- Company, competitor and industry information. How is your business performing, and how does it compare to your competitors? What is the state of your industry? Is your business in a growth industry or a declining one?
- Analysis of historical financial statements. Ratio analysis such as return on equity or gross margin is often helpful.
- Projected financial statements going out three to five years can be particularly significant, especially if they are recast to reflect the business without owner compensation. By recasting statements, the value can be estimated as if the business were under different ownership or managed under different circumstances.
- Using a method of valuation that is appropriate for the purpose of the valuation.
Three popular approaches to value a privately held company include:
2. Market comp approach. In this approach, private companies are compared to comparable public companies. For example, if a similar public company is valued at, say, 23 times current earnings, then that yardstick can be applied to determine the value of the private company. When using multiples, private companies are usually adjusted downward because of the lack of liquidity in exchanging shares for cash. Non-financial comparisons might include companies with similar products, markets or industry criteria. Financial comparisons might include size (revenues), EBITDA, cash flow, price to book, price to earnings or M&A comps.
3. Discounted cash flow approach. Simply stated, this means that an analyst capitalizes an anticipated income stream or cash flow in the future. This is accomplished by discounting a company's future income or cash flow at an assumed opportunity cost of capital. This is called bringing future anticipated income to "present value." This approach will generally, but not always, produce the highest value.
Most companies are valued for the purposes of a sale, merger or investment. For this reason, we must mention the concepts of fair market value and investment value. Fair market value is the value established between a willing buyer and a willing seller-it's just that simple. And even though a seller and buyer may arrive at fair market value in entirely different ways, in essence, it doesn't matter. Investment value, on the other hand, is generally regarded as FMV-adjusted (upward) for the special benefits that a buyer accrues from acquiring the new entity. These benefits might include cost savings or added purchasing power.
The good news is, regardless of the valuation method employed or how the value is determined, no one can claim you're wrong. But do keep in mind that not everyone will necessarily agree with your assessment and may question the underlying assumptions that led to your valuation. For serious valuations, there are a number of professional services providers that specialize in valuing private companies.
Bill Fiduccia is a founding partner of BizPlanIt, a professional business planning consulting firm that helps early-stage, emerging-growth and established companies prepare clear, concise and compelling business plans that get results.
